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Elizabeth Nihell (1723-76) was a famous English midwife, obstetrics writer and polemicist known for her outspoken stance against male midwives. She was born in London to French Catholic parents and in 1740 moved to Paris and married an Irish Catholic surgeon-apothecary who had taken his MD at Reims that year. The couple had at least one child but it is not known if, or for how long, it survived. In 1747 Nihell started her two years' midwifery training at the Hotel Dieu in Paris, witnessing 2,000 births, and then in 1754 she and her husband returned to Britain, settling in Haymarket, London. She began advertising herself as a midwife in the London Evening Post, attending over 900 births and in 1760 published her first book A Treatise on the Art of Midwifery which was a criticism of prominent male midwife William Smellie's methods of childbirth and his use of forceps. In response to criticism of her book, Nihell fought back with anonymous publications, letters to the press and a treatise entitled The Danger and Immodesty of the Present too General Customs of Unnecessarily Employing Men-Midwives (1772). In 1771 she was abandoned by her husband, and after facing financial struggles turned to the parish for assistance in 1775 when she was sent to St Martins-in-the-Fields workhouse. A year later she died and was buried in a pauper's grave.
